铜单晶
铜单晶 29Cu63.54
说明:铜是一种略带红色的金属,它比较柔软且具有延展性,具有很高的电导率,是制作电线的理想材料,这也可能是它重要的商业应用。铜不与空气和水反应,也常被用作一些公共建筑的屋顶材料,它会逐渐风化成表面呈吸引人的铜铝光泽的碳酸铜。历史上铜曾是首次被使用的重要金属,特别是青铜合金。目前还被应用在硬币中。
铜单晶性能参数
状态: |
单晶 |
|
晶体结构: |
fcc |
|
生产方法: |
Czochralski |
|
标准尺寸: |
diameter 10-60mm thickness 1-2mm |
|
晶向: |
(100), (110) and (111) |
|
晶向精度: |
<2°, <1°, <0.5° or <0.1° |
|
纯度: |
as cut, one or two sides polished |
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表面粗糙度: |
<0.03μm |
|
典型分析: |
99.999% |
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典型分析(ppm): |
Ag 0.8 Bi 0.1 Cd < 1 Cr < 1 Fe 0.8 |
Mg < 1 Pb 0.3 Si < 1 Sb < 1 Zn < 0.1 Cu balance |
|
As, Ca, In, Mn, Ni, Te, Tl, Hg are below the detection limit |
其他性能参数
晶体结构: |
(cell dimensions/pm), space group, |
X射线衍射质量吸收系数: |
CuKa 52.9 (μ/r) / cm2g-1 MoKa 50.9 (μ/r) / cm2g-1 |
中子散射距离: |
0.7718 b/10-12 cm |
热中子捕获横截面: |
3.78 sa / barns |
密度: |
8.96 g/cm3 |
熔点: |
1083.45 °C / 1356.6 °K |
沸点: |
2566.85 °C / 2840 °K |
摩尔体积: |
7.09 cm3 |
导热系数: |
401 [300 K] Wm-1K-1 |
热膨胀线系数: |
16.5 x 10-6 K-1 |
电阻系数: |
1.6730x10-8 [293 K] Wm |
聚磁敏感性: |
-1081 x 10-9(s) kg-1m3 |
杨氏模量: |
129.8 GPa |
刚性模量: |
48.3 GPa |
体积模量: |
137.8 GPa |
泊松比: |
0.343 GPa |
半径: |
Cu2+ 72; Cu+ 96; atomic 128; covalent 117 |
负电性: |
1.90 (Pauling); 1.75 (Allred); 4.48 eV (absolute) |
有效核电荷: |
4.20 (Slater); 5.84 (Clementi); 8.07 (Froese-Fischer) |
同位素: |
18 |
同位素质量范围: |
58 -> 73 |
生物资料
生物类别: |
Essential to all species. |
毒性 |
|
毒性摄取量: |
85g of metal; 20 g of CuSO4 |
致命摄取量: |
60g of CuSO4; LD50 (sulfate, oral, rat) = 300 mg kg-1 |
危险性: |
As little as 30g of CuSO4 has been known to be fatal when eaten. |
人体等级 |
|
血液: |
1.01 mg dm-3 |
骨骼: |
1 - 26 p.p.m. |
肝脏: |
30 p.p.m. |
肌肉: |
10 p.p.m. |
每日食物摄取量: |
0.50 - 6 mg |
70kg成人平均总元素含量: |
72 mg |
地质资料
矿物: |
Crystals of native copper occur naturally and there are small deposits in the USA, Germany, Zambia, Chile and Italy. |
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矿物化学式 |
公式 |
密度 |
硬度 |
晶体外观 |
Atacamite |
Cu2Cl(OH)3 |
3.77 |
3 - 3.5 |
orth., adam. vit. green |
Azurite |
Cu(CO3)2(OH)2 |
3.773 |
3.5 - 4 |
mon., vit. blue (ornamental) |
Bornite |
Cu5FeS4 |
5.07 |
3 |
tet., met. copper-red brown |
Brochantite |
Cu4(SO4)(OH)4 |
3.97 |
3.5 - 4 |
mon., vit. green |
Chalcanthite |
CuSO4.5H2O |
2286 |
2.5 |
tric., vit. blue |
Chalcocite |
Cu2S |
5.7 |
2.5 - 3 |
hex., met. blackish-grey |
Chalcopyrite |
CuFeS2 |
4.2 |
3.5 - 4 |
tet., met. yellow |
主要矿石: |
chalcopyrite accounts for c. 80% of world's copper (with silver and gold as by-products), chalcanthite, brochantite. Malachite is used for polished slabs, tables and columns. |
世界产量: |
6.54 x 106 tonnes/year |
主要矿区: |
chalcopyrite in USA, Zaire, Zambia, Canada, Chile, Cyprus, Russia; malachite in Russia, Zaire, Zambia, Chile, Australia; Chalcanthite in chile. |
储量: |
310 x 106 tonnes |
样品: |
available as bars, foil, powder, shot, turning or wire. Safe. |
总含量 |
|
太阳: |
1.15 x 104 (relative to H = 1 x 1012) |
地壳: |
50 ppm |
海水: |
|
大西洋表面: |
8.0 x 10-5 p.p.m. |
大西洋深处: |
12 x 10-5 p.p.m. |
太平洋表面: |
8.0 x 10-5 p.p.m. |
太平洋深处: |
28 x 10-5 p.p.m. |
停留时间: |
3000 years |
类别: |
recycled |
氧化态: |
II |