铋单晶
铋单晶 83Bi208.980
说明:铋是一种具有金属光泽和些许粉色的脆性金属。它不与氧气和水反应,但可以溶解于浓硝酸中。铋常被用于合金,制药,电子,催化剂,化妆品和颜料等领域。铋金属详述了凝固的过程。
铋单晶性能参数
状态: |
单晶 |
|
晶体结构: |
rhombohedral |
|
生产方法: |
Bridgeman |
|
标准尺寸: |
diameter 12mm thickness 1-2mm |
|
晶向: |
(100), (110) and (111) |
|
晶向精度: |
<2°, <1°, <0.5° or <0.1° |
|
纯度: |
as cut, one or two sides polished |
|
表面粗糙度: |
<0.03μm |
|
典型分析: |
99.999% |
|
典型分析(ppm): |
C 3 H < 1 O 9 N < 5 |
Cu 1.60 Fe 1.80 Ni < 1 Pb 0.30 Si 0.30 |
|
Ga, Hf and Ta are below the detection limit |
其他性能参数
晶体结构: |
(cell dimensions/pm), space group, rhombohedral (a=454.950, c=1186.225), R3m |
X射线衍射质量吸收系数: |
CuKa 240 (μ/r) / cm2g-1 MoKa 120 (μ/r) / cm2g-1 |
中子散射距离: |
0.8533 b/10-12 cm |
热中子捕获横截面: |
0.034 sa / barns |
密度: |
9.8 g/cm3 |
熔点: |
271.35 °C / 544.5 °K |
沸点: |
1609.85±5 °C / 1883±5 °K |
摩尔体积: |
21.44 cm3 |
导热系数: |
7.87 [300 K] Wm-1K-1 |
热膨胀线系数: |
13.4 x 10-6 K-1 |
电阻系数: |
106.8x10-8 [273 K] Wm |
聚磁敏感性: |
-1684 x 10-8(s) kg-1m3 |
杨氏模量: |
34.0 GPa |
刚性模量: |
12.8 GPa |
体积模量: |
n.a. GPa |
泊松比: |
0.33 GPa |
半径: |
Bi5+ 74; Bi3+ 96; atomic 155; covalent 152; van der Waals 240 |
负电性: |
2.02 (Pauling); 1.67 (Allred); 4.69 eV (absolute) |
有效核电荷: |
6.30 (Slater); 13.34 (Clementi); 16.90 (Froese-Fischer) |
同位素: |
37 |
同位素质量范围: |
189 -> 215 |
生物资料
生物类别: |
none |
毒性 |
|
毒性摄取量: |
n.a. |
致命摄取量: |
c. 15 g only one case reported) |
危险性: |
Bismuth is regarded as one of the less toxic heavy metals and it is commonly used as a medicine for stomach upsets. Excess bismuth can cause mild kidney damage |
人体等级 |
|
血液: |
0.016 mg dm-3 |
骨骼: |
<0.2 p.p.m. |
肝脏: |
0.015 - 0.33 p.p.m. |
肌肉: |
0.32 p.p.m. |
每日食物摄取量: |
0.005 - 0.02 mg |
70kg成人平均总元素含量: |
< 0.5 mg |
地质资料
矿物: |
Native bismuth occurs naturally as metallic crystals associated with nickel, cobalt, silver, tin and uranium sulfide ores; found in Brazil, England, Norway and Canada |
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矿物化学式 |
公式 |
密度 |
硬度 |
晶体外观 |
Bismite |
a-Bi2O3 |
8.64 |
4.4 |
mon., sub-adam. yellow |
Bismuthinite |
Bi2S3 |
6.78 |
2 |
orth., met. grey |
Bismutite |
Bi2O2(CO3) |
8.15 |
2.5 - 3.5 |
tet., vit. yellow |
主要矿石: |
native bismuth and bismuthinite; mainly produced as a by-product from lead and copper smelters, especially in the USA |
世界产量: |
3000 tonnes/year |
主要矿区: |
Bolivia, Peru, Japan, Mexico, Canada, Australia |
储量: |
n.a. |
样品: |
available as ingots, pieces, powder and shot. |
总含量 |
|
太阳: |
<80 (relative to H = 1 x 1012) |
地壳: |
0.048 ppm |
海水: |
|
大西洋表面: |
5.1 x 10-8 p.p.m. |
大西洋深处: |
n.a. |
太平洋表面: |
4 x 10-8 p.p.m. |
太平洋深处: |
0.4 x 10-8 p.p.m. |
停留时间: |
n.a. |
类别: |
scavenged |
氧化态: |
III |